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A.J. Blackwell (Andrew Jackson Blackwell) (January 29, 1842 - June 19, 1903) was the founder and namesake of Blackwell, Kay County, Oklahoma. Blackwell, the city, was founded in September 1893 as of one the Cherokee Allotments.〔Bellatti, Mrs. C.R. "History of Blackwell". The Last Run: Kay County, Oklahoma, 1893. The Ponca City Chapter. Daughters of the American Revolution. 1939.〕 A.J. Blackwell had settled in the area in 1882,〔 having married the former Rosa Vaught who was of Cherokee descent, he was eligible to found the city. Blackwell served as Justice of the Peace and Mayor of Blackwell.〔"Blackwell, Andrew Jackson," ''Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century''. Chicago, IL, USA: American Publishers Association, p 117, 1902.〕 He also worked as a merchant in Fayetteville, Arkansas, built the first house in Ottawa, Kansas, and founded the towns of Rock Falls, Oklahoma Territory, David, Indian Territory, and Chelsea, Indian Territory.〔 An entrepreneur, he also established the first hotel in Blackwell,〔"The History of Blackwell." Top of Oklahoma museum, Blackwell, Oklahoma.〕 and was president of the North Oklahoma Railroad.〔 A.J. Blackwell was born on January 29, 1842 in Georgia to Janos and Matilda Blackwell.〔Hall, Henry, "Andrew Jackson Blackwell", ''America's Successful Men of Affairs: The United States at large'', p 89-90.〕 He enlisted in the Confederate army during the Civil War under the 3rd Confederate Cavalry.〔 A.J. and Rosa Blackwell had two sons and one daughter: King Solomon, King David and Hazel.〔Cherokee Nation. Cherokee Roll. Field 5415, issued 1903. Arkansas History Commission.〕 Prior to founding Blackwell, Oklahoma, A.J. Blackwell lived in Joplin, Missouri where he held bear and dog fights and built the town's first opera house.〔Boucher, G.O., (The reminisciences of G.O. Boucher, Part IV. )", ''Historic Joplin'', March 30th 2010.〕 He was arrested on counterfeiting charges and spent time in the Missouri State Penitentiary.〔"(A.J. Blackwell Strikes Again! )", ''Historic Joplin'', September 13, 2010.〕 Blackwell also was indicted twice for murder, but was not convicted.〔Capace, Nancy, "Blackwell, Oklahoma", ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma'', 1999, 130-131.〕 Early settlers in the town of Blackwell reportedly viewed A.J. Blackwell as a despot who operated as "practically a one-man government."〔Work Projects Administration, ''Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State'', 1941, p. 293.〕 At one point, Blackwell brought a group of black workmen into town, in defiance of an unofficial but strict ban on their residence or employment there. This prompted a strong reaction from the townspeople, who fired shots at night at the tent where the black workers were staying.〔 Blackwell responded by brandishing a Winchester rifle to hold off the mob. Ultimately, however, the citizenry drove all members of the black race out of town.〔〔Smallwood, James M., "(Segregation )", ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture'', Oklahoma Historical Society.〕 A black family attempted to move into Blackwell in 1902, and was chased by a mob of 1,200 people who burned their home.〔"No Negroes Wanted: Their Homes are Being Burned in Oklahoma", ''The Atlanta Journal Constitution,'' July 22, 1902.〕 In 1894, A.J. Blackwell was arrested by the Cherokee government, sentenced to death for treason, and tortured by being poked with steel rods after refusing to confess to charges of selling land to white settlers.〔"Tortured by the Cherokees", ''The New York Times'', Dec 9, 1894〕 He was rescued the night before his scheduled execution.〔"Squaw Owns a Town", ''Richland Shield and Banner'', November 8, 1898.〕 His wife, Rosa, was deeded the land of the town of David, founded in 1895, as she could legally own it.〔 The Cherokees sued, and the white residents of the town were expelled in 1898.〔 A.J. Blackwell died June 19, 1903 in Chelsea, Indian Territory, another town he had founded.〔"(He Dropped Dead: A.J. Blackwell Suddenly Passes Away, He was a Town Builder and was the Founder of Blackwell ), ''The Blackwell Sun'', June 25, 1903.〕〔"(Col. Blackwell Dead ), ''The Times Record'', June 25, 1903〕 Prior to his death, in July 1902, Blackwell had erected a monument in his honor and publicly read his will.〔"Unveiled his own monument", ''Reading Eagle,'' Jul 6, 1902.〕 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「A. J. Blackwell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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